Human 215 Unit 3 DB Early Periods

Researchers in early days found it difficult to date the events that happened in the past because by then man had not invented writing. They therefore studied the artifacts and fossils that were excavated by archeologists to estimate the period when an event occurred (Clisson et al., 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human 215 Unit 3 DB: Early Periods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Archeological studies state that the ancient inhabitants of Amazon were hunters and gatherers. They were called Scythians and they were livestock farmers. There herds-men used to ride on a horse back. This has been proved by the artifacts that have been excavated in the recent which include spears and arrows. These societies shifted from one area to another in pursuit of water and pastures for their animals. Hathaway (2003) argues that these people did not grow crops thus they obtained food by trading their livestock products wi th crops produce from their neighbors. Due to their lifestyle they had the best archers who were renowned for their excellence in arching skills. These archers used to be hired by their neighbors to provide security. What we don’t know is how they were paid for their services because by then currency had not been invented. Archeological studies have established that the Scythians wore clothing purely made from animal hides and skins. Both men and women used to wear caps that were made in various shapes. Men and particularly warriors used to put on tunics that were decorated with metallic plates of gold. These tunics were fastened by a belt that was also used to hold the weapons of a warrior such as club and axe. The society was defended by both female and male warriors who made the defense system of these communities to stand out from the rest. Women cut their right breast because they believed it was abstracting them when they wanted to use bows and arrows (Hathaway, 2003). This act explains how the name Amazon came into being. Clisson (2002) argues that Europe managed to control the new world because it was the pioneer of industrialization. It relied on other regions such as Africa to produce raw materials for its industries. This was done by creating colonies in this states and assigning them to governors who served the interests of Europe. Africans were evicted from their lands which were then given out to European farmers. Africans were then forced to work in these plantations. Industrialization improved the livelihood of most Europeans and that’s what motivated Europe to expand her territory beyond the big water bodies.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Ricaut et al (2004), Europe was the first region to be civilized because Greece had many scholars who moved out of Europe when the region was faced with many battles. In fact, the fi rst system of government was established in Europe. This government was very stable and that’s what enabled Britain to dominate the rest of the world. The ancient inhabitants of Amazon were eliminated gradually. This was caused by the decrease in food because they had exhausted the hunting fields and the little that was left could hardly sustain them. Industrialization and urbanization also contributed to their extinction because the habitats of world animals were destroyed to create room for human dwelling places. The few inhabitants of Amazon could have intermarried with early explorers of Amazon hence they were absorbed by other tribes. The frequent battles that are believed to have been staged in Amazon could have led to deaths of the original inhabitants of Amazon. Some of the original inhabitants of Amazon could have been sold to slave traders in order to provide labor force in European farms. Once they arrived there they could have mingled with other slaves from other regions thus became extinguished (Ricaut et al., 2004). References Clisson,I. et al. (2002).†Genetic analysis of human remains from a double inhumation in a frozen kurgan in Kazakhstan† (Berelsite, early 3rd century BC).International Journal of Legal Medicine.116:304-308 Hathaway, J. (2003).A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. Albany: Sunny Press. Ricaut, F.et al. (2004).†Genetic analysis and Ethnic Affinities From Two Scytho-siberian skeletons†, American Journal of Physical Anthropology.123:351-360Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Human 215 Unit 3 DB: Early Periods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Human 215 Unit 3 DB: Early Periods was written and submitted by user Farrah Huffman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Tire Recall

The Firestone Tire Recall Even after 88 deaths and 250 injuries attributed to defective Firestone’s tires, Firestone and Ford continue to point their finger at each other and refuse to be held liable. The question now is who is going to be held accountable and whether or not either company knew of the problems with the faulty tires even before it started to create this many issues. This liability issue has created one of the largest tire recalls ever and Firestone and Ford are being accused of knowing about the faulty tires. In his article in September’s edition of Newsweek, Kevin Naughton writes about what has become one of the biggest tire recalls ever. He tells a story about Lori Laurus who, on Labor Day 1986, had her Firestone tire shred off her Ford Explorer causing her sports utility vehicle to flip. According to Naughton, Ms. Laurus is disgusted with both Firestone and Ford for not immediately looking into the defective tire issue. Along with many others, she believes that Firestone and Ford have known about these defective tires for years now. According to Naughton, Firestone and Ford have started some damage control procedures by recalling 6.5 million defective Firestone ATX and Wilderness tires found primarily on Ford Explorers. Federal regulators suspect that these defective tires have led to deaths of 88 individuals in the US. Naughton also mentions that criminal charges are being considered against both companies in Venezuela. Regulators there accuse Firestone and Ford of â€Å"a conspiracy against the users of Ford Explorers† resulting in at least 46 deaths in Venezuela. According to Naughton, Ford did replace faulty Firestone tires in Venezuela months before the recall was announced in the US. His article also goes into detail about how many believe the companies have known about the faulty tires for years. Documents have been found showing reimbursement by Firestone to some consumers for the faulty ATX tires dat... Free Essays on Tire Recall Free Essays on Tire Recall The Firestone Tire Recall Even after 88 deaths and 250 injuries attributed to defective Firestone’s tires, Firestone and Ford continue to point their finger at each other and refuse to be held liable. The question now is who is going to be held accountable and whether or not either company knew of the problems with the faulty tires even before it started to create this many issues. This liability issue has created one of the largest tire recalls ever and Firestone and Ford are being accused of knowing about the faulty tires. In his article in September’s edition of Newsweek, Kevin Naughton writes about what has become one of the biggest tire recalls ever. He tells a story about Lori Laurus who, on Labor Day 1986, had her Firestone tire shred off her Ford Explorer causing her sports utility vehicle to flip. According to Naughton, Ms. Laurus is disgusted with both Firestone and Ford for not immediately looking into the defective tire issue. Along with many others, she believes that Firestone and Ford have known about these defective tires for years now. According to Naughton, Firestone and Ford have started some damage control procedures by recalling 6.5 million defective Firestone ATX and Wilderness tires found primarily on Ford Explorers. Federal regulators suspect that these defective tires have led to deaths of 88 individuals in the US. Naughton also mentions that criminal charges are being considered against both companies in Venezuela. Regulators there accuse Firestone and Ford of â€Å"a conspiracy against the users of Ford Explorers† resulting in at least 46 deaths in Venezuela. According to Naughton, Ford did replace faulty Firestone tires in Venezuela months before the recall was announced in the US. His article also goes into detail about how many believe the companies have known about the faulty tires for years. Documents have been found showing reimbursement by Firestone to some consumers for the faulty ATX tires dat...

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature Review - Essay Example After a thorough review of primary and secondary sources, their investigation revealed a difference between the decisions of budget cutback and information technology. Cost effectiveness was found to be an important criterion for making the decisions of budget cutback. These decisions took lesser time to be made and were quite volatile in their nature i.e. may alter with time. Here, number of participants was not affected by the content of decision. Contrary to this, cost effectiveness was found unimportant in the decisions of information technology, time consumed in decision making was longer and once made, decisions were generally permanent. This tells that the content of decision can have a great impact on the significance of various criteria, time consumed in the decision making process and the stability of decision. This finding contradicts the conventional understanding that cultivates in the minds of people regarding the factors that affect the process of decision making. In t he conventional understanding, the process of decision making is only controlled by the contingencies originating in the environment and the organization. 2. In his research, Nutt (2005) compared the decision making in the public sector with that in the private sector with the help of an experiment. To achieve this, decision making in a business company was compared with that in a governmental agency that was supported with tax. Practices and preferences of mid level managers were captured with the simulation in the public and private sectors. Managers involved in the study were required by simulation to estimate the risks and opportunities of acquiring budgets for the two sectors. In order to design the budget that would be sufficient for an organization functioning in a public and private sector, a cognitive culture was used which placed emphasis on the estimation and bargaining. A controversial and otherwise amount of budget was used for both the cases. Results of their research suggested that managers in public sector make use of networking and bargaining while those in the private sector make use of estimation and assumption. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that public sector managers prefer group decision making whereas private sector managers believe in individualistic capabilities. The research concluded that managers go for budgets that suit their individualistic cognitive style. The difference in the support of budget decisions in the public and private sector managers essentially speaks of the work culture that dwells in the two types of settings. Most works in public sector are done through networking and bargaining, whereas in the private sector, one has to rely on one’s ability and assessment to make the rational decisions. 3. In his research, Al Yahya (2008) studied an integrative multiple links model among three traits, namely the sharing of power-influence in making the decisions, work-related outcomes (WRO) and cultur e of Saudi Arabian organizations belonging to the public sector. These conceptual associations have not been explored much in the public sector organizations conventionally. Traits of competence as knowledge, ability and skill are used effectively in the participative practices as shown by the model of structural equation. This influences individuals’ thoughts about WRO that include but are not limited to

Business Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Intelligence - Essay Example Thus, business intelligence allows an enterprise to generate data related to the enterprise customers, competition and internal functions, to be able to predict and plan for the future performance of the business (Stackowiak, Rayman & Greenwald, 2007:27). Business Intelligence allows an enterprise to generate significant data that points at both the enterprise trend and the general business trend in the industry that an enterprise serves. Thus, through the use of the Business Intelligence techniques, it becomes possible for an enterprise to make more accurate decisions. For example, Business Intelligence helps in reaching managerial decisions regarding the appropriate tactical and strategic managerial decisions, customer satisfaction improvement, as well as determining the right supply and distribution channels or entry strategy into a specific market segment (Inmon, 1999:42). The most common types of Business Intelligence techniques that are applied by businesses include the data mi ning techniques, statistical analysis, online analytical processing (OLAP), forecasting techniques and the basic query and reporting technique (Stackowiak, Rayman & Greenwald, 2007:21). Apple Inc. is a USA based computer and electronic manufacturing multinational company that was established in 1976 (Linzmayer, 1999:14). This company has served as the model for numerous case studies into both innovation and management efficiency, for its role in transforming a potentially small home-based computer manufacturing garage into a leading giant multi-national corporation in the global computer and manufacturing industry. Thus, the company deals in the business of manufacture and sale of computers and related computer products, computer software, electronics and also offer of various online services such as music, software and apps retail services

UK Micro Environment Factors for a Tobacco Company Essay

UK Micro Environment Factors for a Tobacco Company - Essay Example [2] These variables affect the business and its operations to the core and a proper understanding of these is a necessary step to expand the product in a particular market. According to porter, there are 5 forces that act on a business in the Micro Environment. These five variables along with others variables proposed by different authors can be broken down as. [5] Cigarette is an additive product and that is a favorable point for the company as far its sales are concerned. Buyers are hooked to the brand of cigarette usually from the start so there is little bargaining that the customers can do. The buyers are also brand conscious and they don not change their brands rapidly and specially in UK. Even if the prices of the cigarette increases, the customers will continue to buy it because of its addictive nature. Retailers get a nominal amount on retailing the cigarette however they are in much demand so they keep it. Also the retailers usually get branded settings and are paid extra to keep shelf space for a brand. As substitutes for the products exist, retailers have a bit of power over the companies There are high barriers to entry. ... People trying to leave this habit usually revert to nicotine gum, counseling, or behavior modification. In extreme cases acupuncture needles are stuck in the bodies or the nicotine-averse images implanted in their minds however these are not that successful. Competitive Rivalry Among the four top brands of cigarettes in UK, Imperial Tobacco Group is the market leader. However, this has created intense rivalry amongst all the competitors. This is not a good sign for the company since this much competition can make it harder for the rest to come to the standard of these leading companies. Stakeholders The stakeholders such as the government, the media and the society play a major role in the business. Since smoking is considered a social evil, the society usually shuns the smokers. Laws, and deals such as the 'tobacco resolution' are the results of the anti-smoking society. The increase in taxes makes it harder for the company to sell their products. The UK tobacco sector is one of the most heavily taxed in the world, and UK cigarette prices are the highest in the EU, with taxes accounting for around 84.5 percent of the retail cost of a typical packet of cigarettes. [3] [4] Conclusion - Changes to the Company's Strategy and its Impact Micro environmental factors play as much a vital role in a business as other macro does. Maybe these are even more important since these factors are hard to investigate as they work on a hidden level. From the information gathered, it has been found out that a few dramatic changes to the company's strategy must be brought. First the company must be perceived as a "green company". Since awareness of the harms of cigarette smoking is increasing, the company must promote itself as a

Translation And Its Role In India English Language Essay

Translation And Its Role In India English Language Essay Questions such as, what is translationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦wherein lies its complexity? have been asked ever since literature stopped being restricted to one target readership and moved beyond the boundaries of language. The term translation technically connotes the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavour, or of finding an analogous substitute. Its complexity lies in it being like the transfer of perfume from one bottle to another. As careful as you are, some fragrance is lost but the challenge remains to capture the essence. All things in nature are subject to change and so is all cultural matter. Translation is always a shift, not between two languages but between the two types of cultural matter. India is a linguistic galaxy of unparalleled richness. Few contexts could be better suited than the Indian for a discussion of the processes of translation within a spectacular stellar setting. How does one common idea of India make itself available to a Bengali, Tamil or a Marathi in any way save that of translation? Translation provides a cognitive map of Indias linguistic world in all its interrelatedness as well as estrangement. All texts and all readers are both monolingual and multilingual. A text, obviously written literally in one language in a given manifestation faces a multi lingual reader and thus reaches out to a much larger base, unifying experiences and opinions as it expands. English has to be admitted as a vast reservoir of translation in contemporary India. It may no longer be a colonial language, but it is increasingly a conduit language. This filter language, as Khubchandani terms it, has today a certain inescapable presence. More English translating have been published in India in recent times than ever before, but our awareness of the need to ensure quality in translation has not heightened the same extent. Who should judge a translation somebody who can read the original or somebody who cannot? A person who was able to read the language, and enjoyed the original may find no translation satisfactory, whereas someone who cannot is likely to regard readability in English is the prime requisite. It seems unarguable that the only way in which the ideology of unity can be explored in a multilingual society like ours is by accepting both the need for, and the problems of, translation. The Sanskritised term we currently use for translation in many Indian languages is  anuvada   which literally means after speech so it seems wrong in the first place to discuss it in an Introduction. It also stands in contrast to  anukaran, which implies aping or slavish imitation, but there ought to be a more to the word than just the suggestion that it could involve creative license of a kind? Any discussion of translation leads automatically to the question: who is an ideal translator? The writer himself, or someone who has not been involved in the primary creative art? The task of the translator is to unfreeze the shapes that thought took in one language and refreeze them into another. A translator must take into account rules that are not strictly linguistic but cultural. Translators, even when trying to give us the flavor of the language, are in fact modernizing the source. As far as translators in India are concerned, most Indians who grow up in urban conditions and go to school and college tackle shifts from one language to another so often and so comfortably that translation seems second nature to them. TRANSLATION STUDIES The Pedagogy of Translation  by Vanamala Viswanatha Translation Studies is a young discipline still in the process of mapping its territory. Attempts have been made to define its boundaries and develop its terrain by scholars working in disciplines as varied as Anthropology, Comparative Literature, Culture Studies, Linguistics and Literary Theory. Viewing translation as a transaction between two languages, the dominant linguistic paradigm has treated it merely as a matter of transfer from the Source Language to the Target Language. There can be two ways of translating: Transliteration and Transcreation. Transliteration or literal translation is word-to-word, phrase-to-phrase or sentence-to-sentence carrying over from the Source Text into the Target Text. This means that the words and terminologies would either require exact equivalents in the Target Language or would have to be put as it is into the Target Text. It may be ideal for texts falling under technical registers. But they would prove extremely difficult when done on cultural texts. The aim of the translation is to reproduce meanings of the Source Text and the immediate effect it produces on the native audience for the readers and audience of another culture in whose language the text is to be translated. But, say, every Hindi word cannot have a counterpart in English because of its vast language and cultural differences in certain connotations and structures. Hence, the literal translation of cultural/literary works would be like forsaking the duty of a translator. On the other hand, transcreation or cultural translation means a partial or complete freedom to the translator in dealing with the Source Text. The translator has to render the Source Text in a recreated form in the Target Language. It involves reading every word and sentence carefully, but it is not only or simply a literal rendering. Another step in translation is termed as Transfer. It is the stage in which the analysed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from the Source Text to the Target Text. The final stage is restructuring the transferred material. The basic structural elements have to be transferred to the Target Language. It has to be ensured in the process of transformation that the same effect the Source Text had should be achieved for the Target Text for its readers. When the translation produces the same effect as on the original audience then the translation can be considered equivalent to the Source Text. PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION The translator has to deal with the problem of finding equivalent words and expressions in the Target Language, which though cannot be substitutes for the expressions in the Source Language, but can come close to it, can raise similar feelings and attitudes in the readers and audiences of the Target Text. Literary and cultural texts suggest rather than describe meanings. Cultural meanings are very specific and their connotations vary with words in other languages. Therefore, it is really difficult to expect equivalence between the texts of two languages separated by two different cultures. The translator has to interpret and analyse the connotative and suggestive of the Source Text and on the basis of his knowledge of the culture of the Target Text; he has to recreate the meanings in the new language. Figures of speech, extended metaphors, idioms, proverbs and allegories pose a great challenge to the translator. Even translating dialogues, forms of dressing, different kinds of food can be difficult when it has strong cultural roots. For example, words like saree, churidar, pan, pallu  cannot have an English counterpart. In India, there is a specific word for every familial relationship. For instance,  chacha, mama, phupha, tauji  are all called uncle in English, similarly nana-nani  and  dada-dadi   are simply grandparents. Also, the suggested meanings of these relationships can never be translated into any other language. To show how the differences in cultural facts can cause difficulties in the translation of metaphors we may look at the symbolic meanings of certain words in different cultures. Owl in English is the symbol of wisdom whereas it symbolizes ill-fortune in Persian and is associated to superstitious beliefs in India. Also, pig, hog and swine are different words for the same animal but these small variations can create big differences in metaphorical meanings: Sam is a pig. Sam is a hog. Sam is a swine. The languages which do not have separate words for these different categories would fail to represent the difference between the discoursal value of the above metaphors. Thus, a literal translation may lead to Target Language metaphors with different and sometimes completely opposite discoursal values.   TRANSLATED WRITERS We are now going to talk about a few writers who have brought out very vividly the different cultures of India through their writing in vernacular languages. The languages we are going to focus upon are Hindi, Urdu, Marathi, Bengali, Assamese, Tamil and Kannada. It is the voice of this marginalized section writing in vernacular languages, especially of the women regional writers, which needs to be heard. This is possible only through translation, which gives them recognition all over the world. RABINDRANATH TAGORE Tagore was the first Indian Nobel Laureate. He won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his translation of the  Gitanjali. His best known works are  Gora  and  Ghare Baire. His works verse, short stories and novels are acclaimed for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism and contemplation. Of Tagores prose, his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded indeed he is credited with originating the Bengali language version of the genre. His short stories mostly borrow from the deceptively simple subject matter: common people. The translation of his works into various languages has given people across cultures a glimpse of the world of the Bengali common man. Given below is Robi Duttas translation of his poem Urvashi: No mother thou, no daughter thou Thou art no bride, O maiden fair and free O inhabitant of Nandan Urvasi! GULZAR Sampooran Singh Kalra  better known as Gulzar is an  Indian  poet,  lyricist  and  director.  Gulzar  primarily works in  Hindi-Urdu  and also works in Punjabi, several dialects of Hindi like  braj bhasha,  khadi boli,  Haryanvi  and Marwari. Gulzar has received many awards including the Padma Bhushan and the  Academy Award  for his song Jai Ho. He has been widely translated into English and other languages. During the Jaipur Literary Festival, Pawan Varma, an eminent IFS officer who has translated Gulzars poetry, said that he faced a difficulty translating phrases like tip tip and tap tap and Gulzar replied abhi to humne kabutar ki gutar goon shuru bhi nahi ki hai. Sunjoy Shekhar, who has also translated Gulzar calls himself a smuggler trying to surreptitiously smuggle the feelings evoked by Gulzars lyrics across an impermissible, alien wordscape. To give a flavor of the translation of his poetry, given below is a song of his along with its translation: basa cand kraoD,aoM saalaaoM maoM saUrja kI Aaga bauJaogaI jaba AaOr rak, ]D,ogaI saUrja sao jaba kao[- caaMd na DUbaogaa AaOr kao[- ja,maIM na ]BarogaI tba zMDa bauJaa [k kaoyalaa saa TukD,a yao ja,maIM ka GaUmaogaa BaTka BaTka mawma Kiksa~I raoSanaI maoM maOM saaocata hUM ]sa [emailprotected] Aga,r kaga,ja, po ilaKI hu[- naj,ma khIM ]D,to ]D,to saUrja maoM igaro tao saUrja ifr saoo jalanao lagao In a billion years when The suns fire dwindles And ash blows across its surface Then the moon will no longer wane And the land not rise When like a cold, burnt out piece of coal This earth revolves Lost in its gyre Trailing a dying, sepia glow I think then If a poem written on a piece of paper was to waft along And perchance land on the sun The sun would ignite again. AMBAI C. S. Lakshmi was born in  Coimbatore,  Tamil Nadu  in 1944. Some of her works   A Purple Sea  and  In A Forest, A Deer  (2006) have been translated English by  Lakshmi Holmstrà ¶m. In 2006, she (along with Lakshmi Holmstrà ¶m) won the Vodafone-Crossword prize. For her contributions to Tamil literature, she received the 2008  Iyal Virudhu. Her work is characterized by her feminism, an eye for detail, and a sense of irony. Exploration of space, silence, coming to terms with ones body or sexuality, and the importance of communication are some of the recurring themes in her works. VIJAYDAN DETHA Vijaydan Detha  also known as  Bijji  is a noted writer from  Rajasthan  and a recipient of  Padma Shri  award(2007). He has also received several other awards such as  Sahitya Akademi Award  and  Sahitya Chudamani Award. He has more than 800 short stories to his credit, which are translated into English and other languages. He is co-founder of  Rupayan Sansthan  with late  Komal Kothari, an institute that documents Rajasthani folk-lore, arts and music. His literary works include Bataan ri Phulwari (garden of tales), a fourteen volume collection of stories that draws on folk-lore and spoken dialects of Rajasthan. His stories and novels have been adapted for many plays and movies including  Habib Tanvirs  Charandas Chor  and  Amol Palekars  Paheli. He once said If you do not want to be a mediocre writer, you should return to your village and write in Rajasthani. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SALMA Born in 1968 in Tamil Nadu,  Salmas first poetry collection shocked conservative society where women are supposed to remain silent. In 2003, Salma along with three other Tamil women poets faced obscenity charges and violent threats. Salma is now head of the panchayat (local level government body) of Thuvarankurichi, near Trichi in Tamil Nadu. The government of Tamil Nadu has appointed her Chairperson of the Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Board.   Her novel, translated as Midnight Tales  focuses on the inner world of Muslim women in the conservative society of Tamil Nadu in south India. It gives us an insight into what actually goes on in the households of this section of the society and brings it out very effectively. The novel was also long-listed for the Man Asian Prize of 2007. Translating these texts into more widely spoken languages like Hindi and English has taken their voice to a much wider range of readers.

Christopher Columbus Biography :: Christopher Columbus Essays

Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy on August 25th 1451, and he died in Valladolid Spain on May 20th 1506. His life is filled with mystery and controversy. Even though there has been contevercy about his birth date and this birthplace, the historians have narrowed it down to this date and place. His childhood is another mystery. It is said that Columbus was the oldest of five children to poor â€Å"wool weavers†. His son has stated that Columbus had attended the University of Pavia, Columbus was a good observer and very well read. In 1476 Columbus traveled to Lisbon, Portugal were there he an established Genoese population, including Bartolome, he was a noted to be a mapmaker. After a couple of years Columbus sailed with the Portuguese through the Mediterranen and the Atlantic as far south as La Mina (Present day Elmaina , Ghana) and as far north as England. Columbus also made a voyage to Iceland in 1477. In 1479 Columbus married the Portuguese noblewomen Dona Felipa e Perestrello e Moriz and established land in Porto Santo were his son Diego was born in 1480. When his wife died somewhere between 1481 to 1485, Columbus returned to Lisbon. As early as 1484 Columbus got a plan to sail west from the Canary Islands to the Indies (now East Indies) and the island kingdom of Cipangu (modern day Japan). When King John II declined Columbus’s â€Å"Enterprises to the Indies† he decided to go to the Spanish monarch. Columbus traveled to Cordoba, in 1488 he and his mistress had another son. Columbus presented his plan to King Ferdinan and Queen Isabella two different times but both times a counsel of experts rejected his project. Columbus’s ideas were made fun of by many in the court. However he received support from other powerful people, for example â€Å"Luis de Santagel†, â€Å"chancellor of the royal household of Aragon and prior Juan Prez (the Queen’s con fessor). As a result of this Queen Isabella approved to Columbus’s project. Columbus’s first was to find a short voyage to the Indies by sailing west, and the second goal was to convert any foreign inhabitance to Christianity. There were three ships the first was the Santa Maria, which can hold up to forty sailors, The second ship is the Pinta, which held up to twenty-six sailors, and the Nina, which held twenty-four sailors. On October 12 1482 a seaman on the Pinta claimed â€Å"he spotted land†, his name was Rodrigo de Triana.